#92: Types of Majority in Parliament
With examples to clear all doubts!
Types of 'Majority' is most confusing topic for every #UPSC aspirant.
This post is ONLY resource you need to learn 'Majority' as I explain with examples👇🏼
Simple Majority🙂
- 50% of 'present and voting'
- eg: 300 present in LS, 20 abstain from voting. Simple Majority: 141
- use: emergency u/A 356 + 360, ordinary/finance bills etc.
- Not specified in constitution? Simple majority is considered for voting
Effective Majority😯
- 50% of ‘effective strength’
- Vacancy due to death, resignation, etc.
- Effective strength= Total strength - Vacant seats
- eg: 5 seats vacant in RS. effective majority= 121 ((245-5/2)+1)
Absolute Majority
- 50% of total membership
- eg: Absolute Majority in LS of 545 is 273
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Special Majority🤔
4 types
1. u/A 61
2. u/A 249
3. u/A 368
4. u/A 368 (w/ state ratification)
u/A 61
- 2/3 of 'total' strength of house
- numbers in parliament LS: 364, RS: 164
- use: ONLY for President Impeachment
u/A 249
- 2/3rd 'present and voting'
- eg: In RS, 180/245 present; 121 is special majority
- use: for RS to empower parliament to make laws in state list
u/A 368
- 50% total strength + 2/3rd 'present & voting'
- this means, in LS 273 votes min + 2/3 present and voting
- use: CAAs (Judge/CEC/CAG removal, Emergency approval u/A 352, Bills not impacting federalism etc.)
u/A 368 (w/ state ratification)
- 2/3 'present & voting' + 50% state legislature ratification by simple majority
- eg: In NJAC Act, 15/29 state legislature support needed
- use: CAAs impacting federalism (eg: NJAC, change in HC judge position(s))
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