We don't do sales.

Once every 6 months, at month end, we put everything down a bit - and today is one of those days.

• 11am to 11pm for first 100 students ONLY

Here's everything on sale:

1. PYQ Mastery 2027 - ₹2,222 → ₹1,800

Pre (GS1 + CSAT) + Mains PYQs, with notes and video explanations in one place.

https://www.csewhy.com/courses/pyq

2. Foundation + CSAT Bundle - ₹1,800 → ₹1,500

https://www.csewhy.com/courses/foundation-csat

3. Master AI for UPSC - ₹2,000 → ₹1,700

The only program teaching AI to UPSC aspirants, in 4 weeks.

https://www.csewhy.com/courses/master-ai

4. UPSC Foundation Package - ₹1,000 → ₹900

Notes on every topic of the UPSC syllabus.

https://www.csewhy.com/courses/foundation

5. CSAT Power Pack 2027 - ₹800 → ₹700

Reasoning, comprehension and maths - every topic, PYQs and practice MCQs.

https://www.csewhy.com/courses/csat

If one of these has been on your list, today's a good day for it.

If not, see you on the next post - back to the usual notes.

Any questions or if you want samples, reply back to this email!

Download the free PDF on Telegram

Not by reading Laxmikanth one more time.

• Write 100+ important articles on A4 sheets.

• Paste them on your wall. Revise regularly.

That’s it. That’s the method. I shared it on X a while back, and it still works better than any app. Here’s how to do it properly?

Why the wall works

Articles are pure recall. Prelims asks you to match a number to a provision in seconds. Mains rewards you for quoting the right article in the right line.

Recall comes from seeing the same thing again and again, without effort. A wall does that for you. You see it when you wake up, when you drink water, when you’re stuck on a topic. Ten seconds each time. That adds up.

Step 1: Pick your 100+ articles

Don’t try to write all of them. Pick the ones UPSC keeps coming back to. A good starting set:

• Union and citizenship: 1, 3, 5-11

• Fundamental Rights: 12-35 (don’t skip 21A and 32)

• DPSP and Duties: 36-51, 51A

• Union Executive: 52-78 (72, 74, 75, 76)

• Parliament: 79-122 (108, 110, 112, 123)

• Judiciary: 124-147 (137, 141, 142, 143)

• States: 152-237 (163, 213, 226)

• Local bodies: 243 series

• Centre-State relations: 245-263, 280

• Services, elections, emergency, amendment: 312, 315, 324, 326, 352, 356, 360, 368

Step 2: Write by hand, part by part

Go Part-wise. One sheet can hold a few Parts. My own set was four handwritten A4 sheets: a map of the Parts, Part I to Part XVIII, the Schedules and a flowchart on amendability.

Rules for writing:

• Number on the left, 3-6 words on the right. “324: Election Commission”. Not a paragraph.

• Write it yourself. Printing it defeats half the purpose. Writing is the first revision.

• Use one colour for the number and another for the provision.

Step 3: Add memory hooks on the sheet

Put mnemonics right next to the articles. Example for 14-18, E-DOUT:

• 14: Equality before law

• 15: no Discrimination

• 16: equal Opportunity in public employment

• 17: abolition of Untouchability

• 18: abolition of Titles

Add the 12 Schedules at the bottom of one sheet, and a small flowchart for amendment cases (Shankari Prasad to Minerva Mills). These are the things you forget first.

Step 4: Paste where you can’t avoid it

Next to your study table, or the wall you face while studying. Not behind the door.

Step 5: Revise like this

• Daily, 2 minutes: read one sheet top to bottom.

• Weekly: cover the right side with a paper. Say the provision from the number. Then flip it: see the provision, recall the number.

• When an article is in the news: circle it. Write the news in one line next to it. That’s your Mains example sorted.

Step 6: Keep the sheet updated

The Constitution changes. Old notes don’t. A few I see wrong in many aspirants’ notes:

• Article 45 is now early childhood care. Free education for 6-14 moved to 21A.

• Article 370 and 35A: inoperative since 2019.

• Failure of constitutional machinery in a UT is 239AB, not 239A.

• Article 262 is inter-state water disputes.

• Anglo-Indian nomination under 331/333 lapsed in 2020.

• Article 334 reservation of seats now runs for 80 years, till 2030.

Don’t want to start from zero?

I’ve turned my wall sheets into a free PDF: Important Articles of the Constitution. Part-wise, with the mnemonics, the 12 Schedules and the amendability flowchart, updated to the current Constitution.

Download the free PDF on Telegram

Download the free PDF on Telegram

There are patterns, sounds and stories hidden in them. Once you see them, you don’t need to mug up. You just remember.

Here are 8 tricks I use. Each one has examples you can learn right now

1. The 1-2 interchange trick

Swap the 1 and the 2. Union becomes State.

• 124: Supreme Court. 214: High Court.

• 123: Ordinance power of the President. 213: Ordinance power of the Governor.

Hogya yaad!

2. The number 89 trick

Many Parliament articles have a State legislature twin exactly 89 numbers later.

• 79: Constitution of Parliament. 79 + 89 = 168: Constitution of State legislature.

• 87: Special address by the President. 87 + 89 = 176: Special address by the Governor.

Learn the Parliament block (79-122) and you get a head start on the State block too.

3. One number, three articles

• 338: National Commission for Scheduled Castes

• 338A: National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

• 338B: National Commission for Backward Classes

4. Common slang

• Article 50: separation of judiciary from executive. 50-50 is how we split things. Split powers.

• Article 143: advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (President can seek its opinion). You know what 143 means in texting language. The President is asking the SC for advice with love.

5. Similar sounds

• 243I: State Finance Commission to review Panchayat finances. The “i” in f-i-nance.

• 243K: elections to Panchayats. Ele-K-tion.

Fundamental Rights available only to citizens: 15, 16, 19, 29, 30. Read them in Hindi: Pandrah, Solah, Unnees, Untees, Tees. They rhyme. You won’t forget.

6. Connected themes

Group articles that belong to one idea. Example: the institutions often called bulwarks of the Constitution.

• 76: Attorney General

• 148: CAG

• 315: UPSC

• 324: Election Commission

7. Mnemonics

Articles 14-18: E-DOUT

• 14: Equality before law

• 15: no Discrimination

• 16: equal Opportunity

• 17: Untouchability abolished

• 18: Titles abolished

All my Fundamental Rights mnemonics are here on X.

8. Contextual learning

This is the most powerful one. Every time something is in the news, ask: which article is behind this?

• A law passed to fulfil an international treaty (like the Antarctica Act)? Article 253: Parliament can legislate to implement international agreements.

• Supreme Court doing “complete justice” in a big judgment? Article 142.

• Multi-State Cooperative bill? Article 43B: promotion of cooperative societies.

• Belagavi dispute between Maharashtra and Karnataka? Article 263: Inter-State Council. Bonus: 262 is for inter-state river water disputes.

• Governor’s address row in a State? Article 176.

• Delhi LG vs elected government? Article 239AA, added by the 69th Amendment (1991).

• An MP can’t be sued for defamation over a speech in the House? Article 105. And Parliament can’t discuss a judge’s conduct except in removal proceedings: Article 121.

News gives you the story. The story holds the number.

How to use these

• Don’t read all 8 today. Take 2 tricks a day. Say the examples out loud.

• On day 5, test yourself on all of them.

• Build your own. Every time you find a pattern, write it down.

Get the full Tricks PDF

The complete version is a free PDF: Tricks to Learn Constitution Articles. All 8 tricks, plus the articles that came up in the news after them, grouped topic-wise and checked against the current Constitution.

Download it free on our Telegram: t.me/csewhy

Want the original thread? Read it on X.

Keep going,
CSEWhy

Download the free PDF on Telegram

This week we learned the umpire has been arguing with itself.

An Indian Express investigation (Sep 23) found that two of the three Election Commissioners, Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi, objected on record at least 14 times in 10 months to decisions they say were taken without their knowledge. Four of those objections came on a single day.

For UPSC, this is not gossip. It touches Article 324, a 2023 law, a Supreme Court judgment and the biggest voter-roll exercise in years. Let’s break it down.

First: what is the ECI?

• A constitutional body under Article 324. It has superintendence, direction and control of elections to Parliament, State legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President.

• It has one Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs).

• The CEC and ECs are equal in rank. The CEC is first among equals. He cannot decide alone.

• Removal: the CEC can be removed only like a Supreme Court judge. An EC can be removed only on the CEC’s recommendation (Article 324(5)).

What does the law say when they disagree?

Section 18 of the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023 says:

• All business of the Commission shall, as far as possible, be transacted unanimously.

• If the CEC and ECs differ, the matter is decided by majority.

• The Commission can settle its own procedure and division of work, but only by unanimous decision.

So on paper, two ECs can outvote the CEC. That is exactly why “decisions taken without our knowledge” is serious. Majority rule only works if all three are in the room.

What did the two ECs object to?

1. Form 6 and “new voters”

Form 6 is the form every adult fills to become a voter. From July, it started asking whether the applicant or their parents/grandparents existed in the “electoral roll of last SIR”. Joshi had warned on file in May that Form 6 could not be changed this way without the government amending the rules. On August 13, Sandhu recorded that the change was “unauthorised and illegal”.

2. Who controls the voter database

Each constituency’s roll is prepared by the Electoral Registration Officer (ERO), a statutory authority, usually the SDM. The roll sits on ERONet and its successor ECINet. Joshi flagged the “gradual centralisation of the electoral roll database”. Sandhu recorded that state officials said they did not have proper and complete access. Decentralised roll preparation has been the ECI’s main defence against rigging allegations for decades.

3. West Bengal appeals

Sandhu asked who authorised appeals filed on behalf of the ECI against voters whom judicial officers had included in the rolls.

4. Goa

EROs found 97 voters eligible after hearing them, as the Supreme Court had directed. The software had no way to record that decision in time, and the 97 were left off the final roll.

The two ECs also wrote separately to the Cabinet Secretary about changes in work allocation made without their knowledge. The CEC and the two ECs met on September 9, their first full meeting in four months.

The backdrop: SIR

The Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls began in Bihar in June 2025. It has struck more than 13 crore names off draft rolls across 30 States and UTs.

On September 22, a Supreme Court bench led by CJI Surya Kant said the Delhi SIR notices sent to over 33 lakh voters for “logical discrepancies” looked “mechanically issued” and “machine-generated”, and asked the ECI to consider more filters.

The appointment question

• Anoop Baranwal v Union of India (March 2023): a Constitution Bench said that until Parliament makes a law, the CEC and ECs will be picked by a panel of the PM, the Leader of Opposition and the CJI.

• 2023 Act: replaced the CJI with a Union Cabinet minister nominated by the PM. The government now has two of three votes on the panel. All three current members were appointed under this Act.

• September 23, 2026: a two-judge bench (Justices Dipankar Datta and Satish Chandra Sharma) split on whether the challenge needs a Constitution Bench and placed it before the CJI.

Justice Datta’s line is worth quoting in Mains: “it is not enough for the ECI to be independent, it must also appear to be independent.”

Why this matters for GS2

• Collegial functioning: a multi-member body is meant to check any one member. Section 18 only works if decisions actually go to all three.

• Independence: appointment (2023 Act) and removal (ECs removable on CEC’s recommendation) both lean towards concentration of power.

• Decentralisation as a safeguard: the ERO’s statutory control over the roll is what makes rigging hard. Centralised IT control weakens that.

• Right to vote vs clean rolls: roll purity matters, but not at the cost of eligible voters being struck off by software.

Prelims pointers

• Article 324: Election Commission

• Article 326: elections on the basis of adult suffrage

• Section 18, 2023 Act: unanimity as far as possible, otherwise majority

• Anoop Baranwal (2023): PM + LoP + CJI panel, till Parliament made a law

• Form 6: application for inclusion as a new voter

• ERO: statutory officer who prepares each constituency’s roll

Mains practice question

“The independence of the Election Commission depends as much on how it functions internally as on how its members are appointed.” Discuss in the light of recent developments. (15 marks, 250 words)

Write it. Share your answer on Twitter tagging me here

Sources: The Indian Express (Sep 23-24, 2026), The Hindu (Sep 22, 2026)

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However, the rollout has also triggered an intense debate over vehicle compatibility, fuel efficiency, food-versus-fuel concerns, and the long-term impact on agriculture and consumers.

WHAT IS ETHANOL BLENDING?

Ethanol can be produced by fermenting sugars and starches and then distilling the fermented material.

Ethanol blending refers to mixing ethanol, a plant-based biofuel, with petrol.

So what changes when the ethanol share rises?

Ethanol has a relatively high octane number, making it useful as a blending component. But it also contains less energy per litre than petrol. For vehicles designed around lower blends, higher ethanol concentrations can therefore affect fuel economy.

But there is another question: where does the ethanol come from?

• 1G ethanol is produced from sugar- and starch-rich feedstocks such as sugarcane, molasses, maize and rice.

• 2G ethanol uses agricultural residues such as rice straw and bagasse.

• 3G and other advanced pathways explore feedstocks and technologies such as algae that can reduce dependence on conventional food crops.

HOW ETHANOL IS PRODUCED

FIRST-GENERATION (1G) ETHANOL

1G ethanol is produced from sugar- and starch-based feedstocks such as sugarcane juice, molasses, maize and rice.

The process:

Feedstock preparation → Fermentation → Distillation → Dehydration

Yeast converts fermentable sugars into ethanol. Water is then removed to obtain anhydrous ethanol suitable for petrol blending.

The challenge: Food-versus-fuel concerns.

SECOND-GENERATION (2G) ETHANOL

2G ethanol is produced from lignocellulosic biomass such as rice straw, wheat straw, bagasse and bamboo.

It requires an additional pre-treatment stage to break down tough plant fibres before fermentation. It can reduce dependence on food crops and convert agricultural waste into fuel.

The advantage: It converts agricultural waste into clean fuel.

The shift now should be from 1G to 2G ethanol.

ETHANOL IS NOT AN INDIAN EXPERIMENT

Brazil introduced it first in 1975 with a 5% ethanol blend in petrol. The National Alcohol Programme (Proálcool) was launched after the global oil crisis to promote ethanol as an alternative transport fuel.

Further along this path than any other large economy, Brazil mandates E27 today and is moving toward E30, with most new cars sold there being flex-fuel capable.

The United States has run on E10 as a national standard for years and E15 is now expanding, with a flex-fuel fleet already capable of running on blends as high as E85.

Japan has taken a more gradual route through a phased E10 rollout, while Canada, Thailand and several European countries have built ethanol into their fuel strategies too.

India is using decades of global ethanol experience rather than relying on faith alone.

DOES INDIA REALLY NEED ETHANOL?

India needs energy. But it is dependent on crude oil that comes from outside India.

This creates exposure to global oil prices, wars, geopolitical disruptions, shipping shocks and exchange-rate movements.

Every increase in crude prices can therefore put pressure on both India’s import bill and its foreign-exchange outflows.

Ethanol offers one way to reduce that dependence.

But the benefits do not stop at the oil import bill. One litre of ethanol connects multiple markets.

For energy security: Less petroleum needs to be imported.

For farmers: Crops such as sugarcane and maize get an additional demand channel.

For the sugar industry: Ethanol provides an alternative market when sugar production is in surplus, helping stabilise the sector.

For the environment: Ethanol is bio-based rather than fossil-based.

The achievement of today had its seeds sown in the 2000s.

INDIA’S ETHANOL JOURNEY

2003 → Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme launched

Started with the goal of blending 5% ethanol with petrol as a pilot project in a few states.

2006 → Ethanol blending made mandatory in select states

The programme expanded, but progress remained slow due to supply and pricing constraints.

2013–14 → Only 1.53% ethanol blending

India’s ethanol programme was still at an early stage.

2018 → National Policy on Biofuels

Expanded the range of feedstocks and gave a major policy push to ethanol production.

2020s → Rapid scale-up

Higher procurement support, new feedstocks and distillery expansion accelerated blending.

2023–24 → 14.6% blending achieved

2024–25 → 19.2% blending achieved

2025–26 → 20% blending milestone

India’s ethanol journey moved from 1.53% to 20% blending in just over a decade. More feedstocks meant more ethanol, which meant higher blending targets.

And that’s where India’s ethanol story takes an interesting turn, because every milestone comes with new challenges.

WITH E20: WHO GAINS? WHO PAYS?

First, the obvious gain: fewer oil imports. More domestic ethanol means less petroleum to import, strengthening energy security.

But there is another side.

• The mileage trade-off: E20 has lower energy content than petrol, meaning slightly lower mileage and potentially higher refuelling costs.

• Food vs fuel: Greater reliance on food-linked feedstocks can create trade-offs and distort agricultural incentives.

• Vehicle compatibility is another challenge, especially for older vehicles.

But the economics do not stop at the petrol pump.

• For sugar mills, ethanol can provide an additional revenue stream and improve cash flows.

• For maize farmers, assured demand can support better price realisation.

• For the government, greater domestic ethanol use can reduce the need for imported petroleum.

• For the economy, a larger domestic ethanol industry means more production, processing, storage and transportation activity within India.

Its success will depend on whether India can balance energy security, farmer incomes, food security, consumer costs and vehicle compatibility, all at the same time.

INDIA’S WAY FORWARD: MAKE E20 WORK BETTER

India has already crossed the difficult part: building an ethanol ecosystem at scale.

The next challenge is making sure that growth does not create new vulnerabilities.

1. Diversify the feedstock basket. India should avoid becoming overly dependent on sugarcane and continue expanding alternatives such as maize and other suitable feedstocks.

2. Align energy and agricultural policy. If ethanol creates strong incentives for certain crops, policies must also encourage the production of pulses, oilseeds and other crops India needs.

3. Go beyond conventional feedstocks to 2G ethanol. NITI Aayog specifically recommends promoting advanced biofuels, including 2G ethanol, to avoid the food-production trade-off.

4. Make the transition fair for consumers. Better vehicle compatibility, transparent pricing and clear communication can help ensure that the costs of E20 are not disproportionately borne by motorists.

5. Keep looking beyond E20. Future moves should follow the evidence on vehicle compatibility, feedstock availability and food-security considerations.

Sharing those here for your reference.

1. Mains Answer of Economy 2026 | Click here for PDF

2. History One Shot | Click here to find PDF

3. Economy One Shot Revision | Click here to find PDF

4. Last 6 months - International Relations Comprehensive | Download here

5. Mountain Ranges - Download here

6. Economic Terms Compilation https://t.me/csewhy/4086

7. GS1- GS4 Complete Analysis https://t.me/csewhy/4084

8. GS1- GS4 Syllabus Mapping https://t.me/csewhy/4080

9. Complete Europe Revision https://t.me/csewhy/4073

10. Indian Painting Revision https://t.me/csewhy/4060

11. Polity One Shot Revision https://t.me/csewhy/4054

12. UPSC Notes from PM Independence Day Speech https://t.me/csewhy/4046

13. Modern History Revision https://t.me/csewhy/4037

Here’s a brief outlook

The split:

Subject-wise where the pain was:

Important takeaways:

1. CA = 41% of the paper

   S&T and Environment combined had 27 questions. Of these, 19 were from CA. Can not afford to skip newspapers and a strong CA game, if you ask me!

2. Polity is a life saver:

   10/12 Polity can be solved if you have good hold on basics. That means multiple revisions over and over again!

3. 17% unknown is equally misleading for everyone

   Yes, we saw Questions that waste time. We may not win it directly but little knowledge can help. HOWEVER, these Qs were where you put your guess games. eg: BIMSTEC, UN Peacekeeping, Kshetr-pani, Colombo Process. Such questions were meant to waste time. To test if you deal with them or just acknowledge:

CA Sources which UPSC (seemingly) referred to:

1. Monthly CA (any regular one): 30/40 CA questions are covered in any basic CA magazine. What you shall focus on is concise CA of your choice like this one

2. PIB Releases: every Q on scheme such as ONDC, Green Hydrogen, Genome, NQM, RGSA find its relevance in PIB. But it is too bulky to cover it! How to solve for it? CSEWhy Telegram, join here

3. RBI Publications: Just one look at these before you go for exam, a week prior, will help. You can find this too on csewhy telegram or find me on twitter here

4. MEA Releases: Questions on bilateral visits, ASEAN, BIMSTEC can be covered easily here or just relying on newspaper. again, I cover them on my Telegram

5. MoEFCC releases: no one is talking about this but I can confirm direct keywords picked from these resources - Madhav NP, REDD+, LT-LEDS etc. this can be covered same as RBI source stated in point 2

6. The Hindu/Indian Express: Most of above things find a placement in these two. I cover them both daily without a fail on my Telegram. Free initiative! Join here

• Don’t skip CA! If you do, you’re scoring out of 100 not 200. 50% low, before you even open the paper

• If you’re doing JUST CA and skipping static, max you can hit is ~55 marks

• Those who clear Pre know how/when to skip these 17% Qs and when to ‘guess’ on them

• PYQs are highly relevant. 39% of the paper finds a callback in PYQs. You can cover GS1, CSAT & Mains PYQs from a single source for entire year here

For UPSC aspirants, this topic connects India’s foreign policy, Act East Policy, Indo-Pacific strategy, maritime security, critical minerals, trade and strategic autonomy.

India's foreign policy is increasingly focused on building strong partnerships in the Indo-Pacific, the region that has become the center of global trade, technology and geopolitical competition.

The three-country visit aimed to:
• Strengthen strategic partnerships.
• Enhance maritime security.
• Secure supply chains for critical minerals.
• Expand trade and investment.
• Promote a free and open Indo-Pacific.

The visit also reflects India's policy of engaging with multiple partners while maintaining strategic autonomy.

Indonesia: Maritime Partner

Indonesia occupies a strategically important location near the Strait of Malacca, one of the world's busiest sea routes.

India and Indonesia agreed to strengthen cooperation in:
• Maritime security
• Naval cooperation
• Defence partnership
• Blue Economy
• Regional stability

The partnership supports India's SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision and strengthens cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region.

Australia: Partnership of the Future

Australia has emerged as one of India's most important strategic partners.

Critical Minerals

Australia is among the world's largest producers of lithium, cobalt and rare earth minerals, which are essential for:
• Electric vehicles
• Renewable energy
• Electronics
• Defense manufacturing

These resources are crucial for India's clean energy transition and manufacturing ambitions.

Clean Energy
• Green hydrogen
• Renewable energy
• Climate technologies

Technology
• Artificial Intelligence
• Cyber security
• Space technology
• Innovation

Defense

The two countries continue to strengthen military exercises and Indo-Pacific security cooperation through forums like the Quad.

New Zealand: Economic and Strategic Ties

India's engagement with New Zealand is steadily growing.

The visit focused on:
• Trade and investment
• Education
• Agriculture
• Maritime cooperation
• Indo-Pacific security

The large Indian diaspora also acts as a bridge between the two countries.

Why This Tour Is Strategically Important?

The three-nation visit reflects India's broader foreign policy objectives.

Strengthening the Indo-Pacific

India continues to build partnerships with countries that support:
• Freedom of navigation.
• Rules-based international order.
• Peaceful resolution of disputes.

Diversifying Strategic Partnerships

Rather than depending on any single country, India follows a policy of:
• Multi-alignment.
• Strategic autonomy.
• Issue-based cooperation.

Economic Security

The tour supports India's goals of:
• Securing critical mineral supply chains.
• Expanding exports.
• Attracting investments.
• Strengthening resilient supply chains.

How This Supports India's Foreign Policy?

The visit aligns with several major policy frameworks:
• Act East Policy
• Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)
• SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region)
• Atmanirbhar Bharat
• Multi-alignment strategy

Together, these initiatives aim to enhance India's strategic influence while promoting regional stability.

Challenges Ahead

Despite stronger partnerships, India faces several challenges:
• China's growing influence in the Indo-Pacific.
• Supply chain vulnerabilities.
• Global geopolitical uncertainty.
• Balancing relations among major powers.
• Converting diplomatic agreements into concrete outcomes.

Addressing these challenges will require sustained engagement and implementation.

Conclusion
Prime Minister Modi's three-nation tour demonstrates India's effort to build stronger partnerships across the Indo-Pacific while balancing security, economic growth and strategic interests.

As India seeks a larger role in the Indo-Pacific, such engagements reinforce its vision of a free, open, inclusive and rules-based region, while advancing national interests through diplomacy, economic resilience and strategic autonomy.

1. Strategic Pause

Don't start writing immediately. Spend the first 60-90 seconds thinking.

A good answer is usually won before the pen touches the paper.

2. Macros before Micros

Don't think of points. Think of dimensions.

Instead of asking, "What can I write?"

Ask, "From how many angles can I answer this?"

3. Your job = Make examiner's job easier

Don't write to empty your brain but to help examiner

Don't get excited by topic you know! Write what the question demands.

Every sentence should make the examiner's job easier.

4. Get help for evaluations in practice!

Idea is simple: One evaluated answer teaches you more than ten unevaluated answers.

That's why answer writing isn't about writing more.

It's about improving every answer you write.

If you need my help here, I am running a paid Mains Answer Program (MAP) with JUST 20 students. Reply with ‘MAP’ to enroll

5. Have your own notes

Notes with a structure will win you in real time exam

How to make notes? I wrote about it in detail here

1. Economics of One Nation One Election🧐

• Jt. Parliamentary Committee: It’ll save ₹7 lac cr, +1.6% of GDP

• As per CMS, 2024 LS Polls cost ~₹1 lac cr

• Benefits

- Fiscal Populism

- More savings on election cost

- Reduced Model Code disruptions

• Challenges:

- 1cr+ EVMs

- ₹5300 crore upfront cost

- Security challenges in CAPF deployment

- Wave elections claimed to be threat by regional parties

2. Constitution Articles on ONOE

• A324: Election Commission of India to conduct, control & supervise elections

• A83/A172: Tenure of Lok Sabha/State Legislative Assembly

• A85/A174: Summoning & Dissolution of Parliament/Assemblies

• A327/A328: Election laws by Parliament/States

• A356 & A365: President’s Rule, crucial for ONOE synchronization

3. Notes from RPA & IT Act

a) *Representation of People Act 1951 pointers

• Sec 77/78: Candidate expenses records/submission

• Sec 123(6): Overspending = corrupt practice

• Sec 10A: Non submission of records leads to disqualification

• Sec 29B/29C: Party funding & disclosure

b) Income Tax Act

• Sec13A: Tax exemption on proper accounts

Committees

• ECI 1983: Lower poll costs, admin burden

• 170th Law Commission 1999: Backed simultaneous election.

• Parliamentary Standing Committee 2015: Aim for Phased rollout; it’ll lead to MCC disruptions.

• NITI 2017: phase-wise synchronization is needed

• Law Commission 2018: constructive no-confidence

• Kovind Committee 2024: phased implementation + common roll.

The Sun is the teacher.

The oceans are students.

And the atmosphere?

It’s basically the gossip network through which everybody talks to everybody else.

Now here’s something interesting.

Even though the Pacific Ocean is thousands of kilometres away from India, what happens there can decide:

• Whether India gets good monsoon rains.

• Whether droughts occur.

• Whether food prices rise.

• Whether floods become more common.

Sounds crazy, right?

Welcome to the fascinating world of El Niño and La Niña.

First, let’s understand normal conditions

Picture a swimming pool.

Suppose you keep blowing air from one side.

Eventually, the water gets pushed towards the opposite side.

Something similar happens over the Pacific Ocean.

Normally, strong winds called trade winds blow from South America towards Australia and Indonesia.

These winds push warm water westward.

As a result:

Western Pacific (Indonesia, Australia)

• Warm water accumulates.

• More clouds form.

• Heavy rainfall occurs.

Eastern Pacific (Near Peru)

• Cold water rises from deep below.

• Less rainfall occurs.

Everything remains balanced.

This is the “normal” condition.

Then enters El Niño

Think of El Niño as a lazy day.

The trade winds become weak.

Because the winds weaken, they can no longer push warm water towards Asia effectively.

So what happens?

The warm water starts moving back toward South America.

This completely changes rainfall patterns across the world.

Countries that usually receive rainfall may become dry.

Countries that are normally dry may receive excess rain.

Nature essentially reshuffles the weather cards.

Simple analogy

Imagine you are holding a bucket full of water.

Normally, you tilt it to the right.

Water collects there.

Now suddenly you stop tilting.

Water spreads back.

That’s exactly what El Niño does.

Why does India worry about El Niño?

Because India’s monsoon depends on temperature differences between land and ocean.

During El Niño years:

• Monsoon winds weaken.

• Rainfall often decreases.

• Drought conditions may emerge.

• Agricultural output suffers.

• Food inflation may rise.

This is why economists, farmers and governments all closely monitor El Niño.

Quick Note ✍️

El Niño generally means:

• Hotter temperatures.

• Weaker Indian monsoon.

• Less rainfall.

• Drought-like conditions.

• Higher chances of food inflation.

Now meet La Niña

If El Niño is the lazy version,

La Niña is the overachiever.

During La Niña, the trade winds become stronger than usual.

They push even more warm water towards Australia and Indonesia.

Meanwhile, even colder water rises near South America.

This strengthens the normal pattern.

As a result:

• Rainfall increases in many regions.

• Indian monsoon often becomes stronger.

• Flood risks rise.

• Cyclone activity may increase.

Another analogy

Suppose you are pushing a swing.

Normal push = Normal conditions.

Weak push = El Niño.

Very strong push = La Niña.

Simple.

Why are these names so strange?

Spanish fishermen near Peru noticed that unusually warm water appeared around Christmas.

They named it El Niño, which means:

“The Little Boy” or “Christ Child.”

Later, scientists discovered the opposite phase and called it La Niña, meaning:

“The Little Girl.”

So, who wins?

Neither.

Both create problems.

El Niño

Can bring:

• Droughts.

• Heat waves.

• Water shortages.

• Crop failures.

La Niña

Can bring:

• Floods.

• Excess rainfall.

• Strong cyclones.

• Landslides.

Nature likes balance.

Too much of anything is dangerous.

But why do they happen?

Scientists still don’t fully understand every detail.

However, they know that oceans and atmosphere continuously interact.

Sometimes the system weakens.

Sometimes it strengthens.

These changes happen every 2–7 years and can last for several months.

Together, scientists call this phenomenon:

ENSO

(El Niño Southern Oscillation)

Think of ENSO as a pendulum.

It swings between:

• El Niño

• Neutral

• La Niña

And then repeats.

Why should you care?

Because El Niño and La Niña affect:

Agriculture

Crop production and food prices.

Economy

Inflation and GDP growth.

Fisheries

Marine ecosystems and fish populations.

Water Resources

Reservoirs and groundwater.

Disasters

Floods, droughts and cyclones.

Climate

Global temperatures.

In fact, many of the hottest years ever recorded on Earth occurred during El Niño periods.

A Fun Way to Remember

EL NIÑO = Evil for Indian Monsoon

(Not always, but usually.)

Less rain.

Less crops.

More heat.

LA NIÑA = Lots of Rain

More rainfall.

More floods.

Stronger monsoon.

CSEWhy Notes 📌

Normal Conditions

• Trade winds blow east → west.

• Warm water accumulates near Indonesia.

• Cold water rises near Peru.

El Niño

• Trade winds weaken.

• Warm water shifts eastward.

• Indian monsoon weakens.

• Higher temperatures and drought risk.

La Niña

• Trade winds strengthen.

• More warm water accumulates in the western Pacific.

• Stronger monsoon.

• Flood and cyclone risk increases.

ENSO

ENSO = El Niño Southern Oscillation

It is the periodic warming and cooling of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that influences weather patterns across the world.

My favorite part about this topic?

A patch of water thousands of kilometers away in the Pacific Ocean can influence the price of tomatoes in India.

And if that doesn’t show how interconnected our planet really is,

I don’t know what does.

Same Nvidia on whose chips entire AI industry is flourishing! I realized this is a big topic for UPSC and aspirants MUST know about it. Hence, writing this blog

Nvidia Isn’t Just Making Chips Anymore. It Wants To Redefine The Personal Computer.

For years, whenever we talked about computers, the hierarchy was simple.

Intel made the brain.

Microsoft provided the operating system.

And Nvidia? It mostly supplied graphics cards for gamers.

Simple.

But after reading about Nvidia’s latest move, I couldn’t help but think:

What if we’re entering a world where the computer itself gets reinvented?

Not by Apple. Not by Microsoft.

But by a company that started with gaming GPUs.

And honestly, that changes more than people realize.

The AI revolution has changed the rules

Until recently, buying a laptop meant asking:

• Which Intel processor?

• How much RAM?

• SSD or HDD?

But AI has introduced a completely different question:

How fast can your computer think?

Not calculate. Think.

Run AI models. Generate images. Transcribe audio. Code. Edit videos. Summarize PDFs. All locally!

And suddenly, CPUs alone aren’t enough.

Here’s why Nvidia is making this move

Nvidia recently introduced RTX Spark, a compact AI supercomputer designed for personal computing.

Sounds fancy. But the bigger story isn’t the product.

It’s the philosophy behind it.

Nvidia wants AI to move from giant cloud data centers into your laptop.

Think about that.

Instead of sending every request to servers sitting thousands of kilometers away...

Your own computer could become powerful enough to run AI models itself.

No waiting. No internet dependency. No monthly API costs.

Wait, aren’t CPUs already doing that?

Not really.

Let’s simplify.

Imagine a restaurant.

CPU = The Manager

It coordinates everything.

Takes decisions.

Handles different tasks.

But it’s not built for doing thousands of things simultaneously.

GPU = The Kitchen Team

Hundreds of chefs working together.

Parallel processing.

Massive workloads.

Fast execution.

AI loves this kind of architecture.

That’s why GPUs became the backbone of the AI revolution.

Quick Note ✍️

CPU

• General-purpose computing

• Sequential processing

• Good for diverse tasks

GPU

• Parallel processing

• Thousands of calculations together

• Ideal for AI and machine learning

Nvidia’s real weapon isn’t hardware

And this is where things become fascinating.

Most people think Nvidia won because of better chips.

I disagree.

Its biggest moat is software.

Specifically:

CUDA

Think of CUDA as Apple’s App Store. Or Android’s ecosystem.

Over years, developers built countless AI tools around Nvidia’s platform.

Which means: Even if another company builds similar hardware...

Switching becomes painful.

Because developers have already invested heavily in Nvidia’s ecosystem.

Intel’s dominance is under threat

For nearly three decades, Intel defined personal computing.

“Intel Inside” wasn’t just marketing.

It was an era.

But history teaches us something.

No throne remains permanent.

IBM dominated.

Then faded.

Nokia dominated.

Then faded.

BlackBerry dominated.

Then disappeared.

Now Intel finds itself facing a challenge from multiple directions:

• Apple Silicon

• AMD

• Qualcomm

• Nvidia

And perhaps the biggest disruption of all:

AI.

Why this matters beyond gaming

Because AI computing could become as fundamental as electricity.

Every profession is changing.

Doctors.Lawyers. Designers. Students. Creators. Engineers. Everyone!

The next generation of computers may not be optimized for Excel and Chrome.

They may be optimized for:

• Running AI agents

• Creating videos

• Writing code

• Generating images

• Training personal models

• Processing voice and language

The PC itself may become an AI machine.

A thought I keep coming back to

The personal computer changed the world in the 1980s.

The internet changed it again in the 1990s.

Smartphones reshaped it in the 2000s.

AI might redefine personal computing in the 2020s.

And Nvidia seems determined to be at the center of that shift.

Which raises an interesting question:

Will future laptops be judged by RAM and storage?

Or will we ask something completely different?

“How powerful is its AI?”

One question worth thinking about:

Where Does India Fit In The AI Chip Revolution?

While Nvidia is redefining AI computing, I think an equally important question is:

Will India only consume AI, or help build it?

Why Semiconductors Matter

• Backbone of AI, EVs, defence, telecom and data centres.

• Supply chains are concentrated in East Asia, making them geopolitically vulnerable.

India’s Strategy

India doesn’t need to become another Taiwan overnight. Instead, it can focus on:

• Chip Design: India’s biggest strength.

• Packaging & Testing: Lower investment, faster scaling.

• R&D and Materials Science: Critical for long-term competitiveness.

• Trusted Partnerships: US, Japan, EU and South Korea.

My Take

India’s opportunity isn’t to do everything.

It’s to dominate the parts of the semiconductor value chain where its strengths truly lie.

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Three wars happened.
Kargil happened.
Pulwama happened.

And still, the treaty survived.

That’s what made India’s decision in April last year significant.

India announced that it was keeping the treaty “in abeyance.”

Not terminated.
Not withdrawn.

Just… suspended operationally.

And since then, both countries have been trying to shape the narrative internationally.

First: What exactly is the Indus Waters Treaty?

The treaty was signed in 1960, with the World Bank acting as a broker between India and Pakistan.

It divided the six rivers of the Indus system into two groups.

Eastern Rivers — India gets primary control

• Ravi

• Beas

• Sutlej

Western Rivers — Pakistan gets primary usage rights

• Indus

• Jhelum

• Chenab

Even though these western rivers flow through India first, Pakistan received major usage rights over them.

India was allowed:

• limited irrigation,

• hydropower generation,

• and some non-consumptive uses.

At that time, this arrangement was considered necessary because Pakistan’s agriculture depended heavily on these rivers.

Then why is India unhappy now?

India’s argument is simple:

The treaty was designed for a very different era.

According to India:

• climate realities have changed,

• water demands have increased,

• and technological possibilities are different now.

But India’s frustration is not just environmental.

It is also procedural.

The big issue: dispute resolution

The treaty created a very layered dispute settlement mechanism.

Depending on the nature of disagreement:

• technical questions go to Neutral Experts,

• legal disputes can go to a Court of Arbitration.

And this is where things became messy.

Pakistan’s approach: internationalise the issue

Whenever India started major hydropower projects on western rivers, Pakistan raised objections.

Projects like:

• Kishanganga

• Ratle

became major points of dispute.

Pakistan repeatedly approached:

• international forums,

• arbitration mechanisms,

• and legal bodies created under the treaty framework.

India increasingly felt that:

Pakistan was using the treaty’s legal mechanisms to slow down infrastructure development.

Especially hydroelectric projects.

Because even small delays in such projects increase:

• cost,

• uncertainty,

• and diplomatic pressure.

India’s main objection

India argues that:
the treaty does not allow parallel proceedings.

Meaning:

• one issue should not simultaneously go to

  • a Neutral Expert,

  • and a Court of Arbitration.

India believes Pakistan pushed for overlapping legal processes, creating procedural confusion.

And this eventually became one of the reasons behind India’s decision to suspend participation in parts of the treaty framework.

So what does “in abeyance” actually mean?

This is important.

India has not formally withdrawn from the treaty.

Instead, it has:

• paused certain cooperative engagements,

• reduced participation in some procedural mechanisms,

• and signaled that the treaty needs renegotiation.

Legally and diplomatically, this creates ambiguity.

Because the treaty still technically exists.

But trust between both sides has weakened significantly.

Why Pakistan is worried

Pakistan is the downstream state.

Its irrigation system is deeply dependent on Indus basin waters.

In fact, a large portion of Pakistan’s agriculture relies on:

• Indus,

• Jhelum,

• Chenab flows.

That’s why even symbolic changes in the treaty framework create anxiety in Pakistan.

From Pakistan’s perspective:

weakening the treaty could create long-term water insecurity.

And water insecurity in South Asia is not just an environmental issue.

It quickly becomes:

• economic,

• political,

• and strategic.

India’s larger strategy now

Interestingly, India’s response has not been only diplomatic.

It has also become infrastructural.

India is focusing more aggressively on:

• completing hydropower projects,

• improving water storage,

• and maximising usage of water allocated under the treaty itself.

For years, India was often accused domestically of:

not fully utilising even the rights it already had under the treaty.

That mindset seems to be changing now.

The hidden geopolitical layer

This issue is no longer just about rivers.

It is connected to:

• terrorism,

• bilateral relations,

• strategic leverage,

• and regional power politics.

India increasingly argues that:

cooperation cannot continue normally while cross-border terrorism persists.

Pakistan, meanwhile, frames the issue internationally as:

water security and regional stability.

So both countries are trying to build global legitimacy around their positions.

What makes the treaty so unique?

Honestly, very few water-sharing agreements in the world have survived this long between hostile neighbours.

That’s why the Indus Waters Treaty has often been called:

one of the most durable international water treaties ever signed.

Which is also why any disruption to it attracts global attention.

Because if this framework weakens, it raises a larger question:

Can long-term river-sharing agreements survive deep geopolitical hostility?

Final takeaway

The Indus Waters Treaty was built on one assumption:

Even hostile neighbours can cooperate over shared rivers.

Today, that assumption is under stress.

And what happens next may shape not just India-Pakistan relations…

but the future of water diplomacy in South Asia itself.

Every time election results throw up a hung assembly, the same questions return.

Who will the Governor invite first?
Can the single largest party form government?
Can post-poll alliances claim power?
How much discretion does the Governor actually have?

And suddenly, terms like floor test, constitutional morality, and Article 164 start appearing everywhere.

But this is not just political drama.
This is one of the most sensitive constitutional situations in a parliamentary democracy

.

First: What is a hung assembly?

A hung assembly happens when no political party or alliance crosses the majority mark after elections.

In such situations, government formation becomes uncertain because nobody has clear numerical support in the House.

This is where the Governor’s role becomes important.

What does the Constitution say?

Under Article 164 of the Constitution, the Governor appoints the Chief Minister.

But the Constitution does not clearly define the exact procedure the Governor must follow in a hung assembly. That is why conventions, commissions, and Supreme Court judgments become important.

The Governor’s primary responsibility is to ensure that:

• a stable government is formed, and

• constitutional machinery is maintained.

At the same time, the Governor must remain politically neutral.

What has the Supreme Court said?

One of the most important observations came in the Rameshwar Prasad vs Union of India (2006) case.

The Supreme Court said that the Governor cannot act based on personal assumptions or political preferences while assessing who may form government.

The Court warned that:

if the Governor acts with bias, it can damage parliamentary democracy itself.

The judgment also stressed that:

• the Governor should explore all reasonable possibilities of government formation, and

• constitutional processes should not be disrupted unnecessarily.

Then who should the Governor invite first?

This question was examined by the Sarkaria Commission (1988), which suggested an order of preference.

According to the Commission, the Governor should ideally invite:

1. A pre-poll alliance commanding majority

This is considered the most legitimate because voters were already aware of the alliance before elections.

2. The single largest party with support of others

If it can demonstrate majority support.

3. A post-poll coalition with all partners joining government

A stable coalition formed after elections.

4. A post-poll alliance where some parties provide outside support

This is generally treated as the least stable option.

These are conventions, not binding constitutional rules, but they are widely referred to during political crises.

Why is the “floor test” so important?

In almost every hung assembly controversy, the Supreme Court eventually emphasizes one thing:

Majority must be tested on the floor of the House.

Not through:

• letters,

• media claims,

• Raj Bhavan meetings,

• or parades of MLAs.

The idea is simple:
the Assembly alone can determine whether a government enjoys majority support.

The S.R. Bommai case changed everything

The landmark S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) judgment became extremely important in matters related to majority and government stability.

The Supreme Court held that:

the proper place to test majority is the legislative assembly floor.

This judgment significantly reduced arbitrary dismissal of state governments under Article 356.

It also strengthened parliamentary democracy by ensuring that elected governments cannot be removed merely on the Governor’s subjective reports.

What about Article 356?

This article allows President’s Rule if constitutional machinery fails in a state.

But courts have repeatedly warned that:

• Article 356 cannot be used casually,

• and Governors should not recommend it without exhausting democratic options first.

This became particularly important after repeated misuse of President’s Rule in earlier decades.

Real examples where floor tests became controversial

Karnataka (2018)

The Governor invited the single largest party to form government and gave time to prove majority. The matter quickly reached the Supreme Court, which ordered an expedited floor test.

Maharashtra (2019)

A dramatic early-morning swearing-in ceremony triggered legal and political controversy. The Supreme Court intervened and directed a floor test almost immediately.

Jharkhand, Goa, Tamil Nadu

Similar debates emerged over:

• timing of floor tests,

• Governor’s discretion,

• and competing claims of majority support.

In most cases, courts preferred a quick floor test as the fairest constitutional solution.

So what is the Governor supposed to do?

The Governor is expected to:

• act impartially,

• preserve constitutional stability,

• avoid political bias,

• and ensure that majority is tested democratically.

The Governor is not expected to become:

• a political negotiator,

• a party strategist,

• or a parallel centre of power.

Final takeaway

A hung assembly is not just a political situation.

It is actually a test of:

• constitutional morality,

• parliamentary democracy,

• federalism,

• judicial oversight,

• and the limits of discretionary power.

And ultimately, Indian constitutional practice has moved towards one consistent principle:

Governments are formed through constitutional process.
But their legitimacy is proven only on the floor of the House.

Big mistake.

UPSC doesn’t care about “what happened.”
It cares about:

👉 What rules allow it to happen?
👉 Who has authority?
👉 Where does international law actually stand?

First, understand the setting

There’s a narrow sea route called the Strait of Hormuz.

It connects:

• Persian Gulf → Open ocean

And through this tiny stretch:

👉 Nearly one-third of global oil trade passes.

Now imagine this:

If this route gets blocked…
It’s not just a regional issue.

It becomes a global economic shock.

So who owns this water?

This is where most people get confused.

The seas are not owned like land.

They are:

👉 “Global commons”

Which means:

• No single country controls them fully

• But they are regulated collectively

The key rulebook: UNCLOS

Everything revolves around one framework:

👉 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

This convention decides:

• Who controls what part of the sea

• What rights ships have

• What countries can or cannot do

Now the real question:

Can a country block the Strait of Hormuz?

Short answer:

👉 No. Not easily.

Because this strait falls under:

👉 “Transit Passage”

What is Transit Passage?

It means:

• Ships of all countries can pass

• No need for permission

• Passage must be continuous and fast

• Even warships are allowed

BUT…

They must:

• Not threaten coastal states

• Not violate laws unnecessarily

Why this matters

Because even if:

• Iran controls one side

• Oman controls the other

They cannot just say:

👉 “No one passes from today.”

That would violate international law.

Then how do conflicts happen?

Because law ≠ power.

Countries still:

• Intercept ships

• Seize cargo

• Impose restrictions

And they justify it using:
👉 “Security concerns”
👉 “Sanctions enforcement”
👉 “National interest”

Example: U.S. vs Iran situation

When tensions rise:

• Iran threatens to block the strait

• U.S. increases naval presence

• Ships get intercepted

But notice something:

👉 No one openly says “We are breaking international law.”

Instead, they:

• Twist interpretations

• Use legal grey areas

• Or act without formal approval

What about the United Nations?

In theory:

👉 Only the UN Security Council can authorize:

• Naval blockades

• Enforcement actions

But in reality:

👉 Powerful countries often act independently.

This creates:

• Legal ambiguity

• Political tension

• Strategic signaling

Hidden UPSC angle (this is important)

UPSC is not testing:
👉 “Where is Strait of Hormuz?”

It is testing:

• Difference between territorial waters vs high seas

• Meaning of transit passage

• Role of UNCLOS

• Limits of state sovereignty

One mental model to remember

Think of international waters like a highway:

• Countries = landowners near the road

• Ships = vehicles

• UNCLOS = traffic rules

No country can block the highway…

But powerful ones can:
👉 slow traffic
👉 check vehicles
👉 create pressure

Final takeaway

The Strait of Hormuz is not just about oil.

It is about:

👉 Law vs Power
👉 Rules vs Reality
👉 Geography vs Strategy

And for UPSC?

If you understand this topic like a story…

You won’t just remember it.

👉 You’ll decode any question around it.

This is a BIG step in Indian Nuclear program!

India has now attained criticality in a commercial, 500MW power producing, fast breeder nuclear reactor.

(We had experimental one before, but this is a big commercial one that can produce power.)

Criticality means reactor is running by itself without needing to keep re-igniting it. Breeder means it makes more fissile fuel than it uses.

Nobody wanted to give India such tech. Because these reactors can create nuclear fissile material. So India created the tech itself in spite of sanctions.

Only Russia has this tech (true commerical fast breeder reactor) running. US, UK, France say they have given up on this. China has one prototype based on Russian tech but it is not yet commercial.

India has refused to put its Fast Breeder Reactor program under international scrutiny. It is a big, big, no HUGE thing for India's energy independence.

But, as usual, most Indians won't know how big as we don't play up our achievements. I was recently amused seeing some posts by Gen-Z advising Indian govt to go for Thorium cycle etc in some condescending tone.

Because India has been on it quietly for sometime. And this reactor going critical now and commercial soon means it can sustain itself for infinity. This cuts India's imports of Uranium. And paves the way for Thorium based reactors as well. (Stage 3 of India's nuclear program, we just passed Stage 2 with PM's post).

Also, what PM didn't say is, this reactor can help generate some 100+kg of weapons grade Plutonium -with which India can make many warheads and expand nuclear stockpile if it wishes so.

But India will never do that, you know, as India is a very peaceful nation promoting world wide nuclear disarmament ;)

«this blog is an adoption of Aravind’s tweet, due credits to him»

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